——從實際經驗出發,嘗試用 SDT、ESAT、SPCT 描述「不能回答」的起點差異
生成式 AI 已經足以流暢輸出「看起來很專業」的長文答案
但在需要負責的場景裡,「看起來合理」仍然是主要風險來源
0.本文的立場與範圍說明
- 本文不是一篇 AI 技術論文
- 不討論任何模型架構、演算法或產品設計
- 也不試圖提出一套通用或唯一的 AI 解決方案
本文嘗試做的事情只有三件:
- 從室內設計實務與責任經驗出發,描述一種「無法安心使用 AI」的真實困境
- 指出這個困境並非單純來自答案品質,而是來自「問題是否具備被回答資格」
- 以我已完成並實際使用的三套專業語意架構(SDT、ESAT、SPCT)作為示例,說明一種可用來判斷何時應該拒答的理解方式
本文不主張這是唯一解法,
也不認為其他系統或理論無法做到。
它只是一份來自專業責任使用者的觀察紀錄。
本文所描述的內容,並非對 AI 系統設計、模型架構或實作路徑的提案。
文中對語意層次與結構條件的描述,僅源自一名專業責任使用者在實務場景中,為避免誤判而進行的必要排除與理解方式整理。本文觀點並非來自 AI 研究或系統設計,而是源自一名需為實際工程後果負責的專業使用者,在反覆使用與退回後所形成的結論。
本篇無意宣稱任何通用解法,
亦不假設自身觀點具備工程或研究上的優先性。
其唯一立場在於記錄:
當生成式 AI 被放入需要承擔現實後果的專業場景時,
哪些條件若不存在,使用者將無法安心地讓它回答。
本文的核心主張是:在責任型專業場景中,「是否具備被回答資格」必須先於任何生成行為。
1.一名室內設計師,在專業實務中使用 AI 時遇到的問題
身為室內設計師,
我的工作不只是畫圖,還必須協調工程、處理法規、面對施工現場,並且在出問題時,知道責任會落在誰身上。
當 AI 時代來臨,不可避免的狀況發生了,客戶會使用 AI 來詢問圖面、報價的合理性,會用 AI 的回應,挑戰所謂工程業界的常識。而設計師們,也會開始使用 AI 來提高效率、輔助判斷、減少重複性的資訊整理。
但很快,就出現了大量困擾
AI 的回答往往看起來合理,語言完整、條列清楚,也會提醒風險。
然而在真實的工程、法規與責任情境中,這些答案卻無法直接使用。
甚至反而造成許多設計師與客戶之間的矛盾。
不是因為 AI 「明顯錯誤」,
在特定的專業領域之中, AI 總是能回應出看似理性中肯且專業的回應
但實際上,卻可能無法落地,甚至違反特定環境下的限制。
結果是, AI 幫設計師們解決了一部份問題,同時卻又製造了一部份問題。
而製造的問題,很有可能,比解決的問題,更加的麻煩。
2.這些問題為什麼特別容易出現在「專業場景」
這類困境或者是麻煩,幾乎只會集中出現在需要負責的專業場景。
這類問題通常具備幾個特徵:
- 條件不完整,卻必須做出判斷
- 責任高度集中,錯誤後果無法分攤
- 錯誤成本極高,事後無法用「只是建議」帶過
這和一般查詢資料、聊天、甚至知識型問答,本質上完全不同。
在專業實務中,最危險的往往不是明顯錯誤,
而是「看起來沒問題」的答案。
因為它會讓人誤以為:
- 這是一個已經成立、可以被回答的問題,並且這問題的答案,能夠進行價值判斷與責任判定。
我才真正意識到,問題,可能不只是「AI 答錯」這麼簡單
而是 AI 是否回答了,原本就不應該由 AI 來回應的問題?
3.目前主流 AI 解法的共同方向(以使用者視角)
從使用者的角度看,目前多數 AI 系統都在往相似的方向努力:
- 模型更大、語言能力更好
- 模型規模與算力提升
- 結合檢索、資料庫、結構化知識
- 透過後續驗證、修正與對齊來降低錯誤
這些方法的共同目標都很一致:
- 讓 AI 給出一個更可靠的答案。
但在我的實務經驗裡,問題並不完全只發生在「答案品質」這一層,
更多時候會發生在,人類對於答案的主觀認知之上,
既然涉及主觀,就很難存在一個,如同真理一般,讓所有人都滿意的答案。
4.自然語境示例
4.1 專業實務中自然語境
在現場,設計師真正會問,或者真正會被問的問題,往往非常自然,
例如在一個設計會議現場:
業主說:
我舊家有一個桌子,是我跟我老婆定情時用的,很有紀念價值
我一定要把它搬進新家,而且我不接受它被擺到不安全的位置
你就跟我說,照你們現在這樣規劃,會不會有風險?設計師說:
可以規劃進來,但我需要先確認幾個前提
桌子的尺寸只是其中一個條件
我們要先釐清它在動線、安全與責任上要落在哪個範圍
上述語境中的問法並不刁鑽,也不困難
對設計師而言,可以說是工作日常
它們有一個共同特徵:
- 前提大量隱含
- 條件未完全展開
在這類情境裡,
使用者往往期待 AI 提供可用的具體判斷參考,
而不是模糊敷衍、只具安慰效果的套話。
但正是在這樣的期待之下,
我才開始意識到:
問題不只在於 AI 能不能給出判斷,
而在於這個問題是否已經具備被判斷的前提。
4.2 主流 AI 的典型回應方式
如果這些問題被扔去詢問 AI ,
AI 回應通常會是這樣:
- 條列可能性
- 提醒風險
- 補充注意事項
- 給出看似平衡的建議
如果只看文字,這些答案幾乎無可挑剔。
你不能說 AI 答錯,
但對使用者而言,用處真的不大
很有一種:「聽君一席話,如聽一席話」的感受
好像講了甚麼,卻好像甚麼都沒講
4.3 為什麼這些回應在專業領域實務中,給使用者這樣的感受?
問題出在:
- AI 無法判斷,這個問題是否本來就具備被回答的資格。
現在主流 AI 的答案中,不會告訴使用者:
- 現在的條件是否足以成立判斷?
- 要形成答案前,哪些責任前提尚未確定?
- 是不是在「資訊不足」下進行過度推論?
- 在這些答案裡,不存在一個,在什麼條件不足的情況下,拒答才是正確輸出的選項
而在專業場景中,這四件事的差異,往往決定了風險會不會發生。
這不是AI 生成答案品質的問題,
而是在更早之前,AI 在生成答案之前的起點可能就出了問題。
5.同一自然語境:如果起點不同,處理方式會有什麼差異?
我在意的不是 AI 能不能答對
而是它能不能先分辨:
- 此刻回答是否構成一種越權的專業判斷
我開始在工作中要求自己:
先處理「能不能答」,再處理「怎麼答」
這種限制,並不是單純以內容類型劃出紅線,
而是先確認:
- 在目前條件下,這個問題是否已經進入可被專業判斷的範圍。
讓問題本身先被放回專業語境中檢視:
- 這是否已經是一個具備判斷前提的問題。
在這樣的使用方式下,
語意架構並不是用來產生答案,
而是幫助使用者去判斷:
- 現在問題提供的訊息,提供的語意密度,是否足夠讓 AI 進行回答?
以下將以我開發出來的三套語意架構系統理論做一個示範
我之所以用這三套語意架構示範,是因為它們各自都能回答同一件事:
這個問題在目前條件下,是否已經進入可被判斷的範圍
若尚未進入,拒答就不是失敗,而是正確輸出
需要強調的是,此三大語意系統理論是目前,
當我在AI使用環境中遇到困難
能實際使用、且能降低誤判風險的一種做法。
這並不代表,此三系統是相關問題的唯一解決方式,
也不代表沒有其他理論或者系統可以做到。
5.1 從 SDT 的角度重新看待同一問題
我會先處理一件事:
- 這是不是一個已經成立的空間決策問題?
如果不是空間決策問題,
就不該在 SDT 的語意架構下強行產生答案
- 不回答
本身就是對 SDT 而言,最正確的答案。
5.2 從 ESAT 的角度重新看待同一問題
接著我會確認:
- 這是不是一個需要進行:誰付?誰做?語意歸屬傾向的問題?
如果不是工程語意歸屬問題,
就不該在 ESAT 的語意架構下強行產生答案
- 不回答
本身就是對 ESAT 而言,最正確的答案
5.3 從 SPCT 的角度重新看待同一問題
最後,我會檢查
- 這是不是一個要確認尺寸語意條件是否能同時成立的問題?
在前述自然語境的示例中,設計師這樣說:
只要把尺寸給我,剩下的就交給我幫你規劃。
是的,這是一個關於尺寸語意衝突的問題
在我的語意拆解裡,這時候才輪得到 SPCT 回答:
- 尺寸語意條件是否能同時成立,以及衝突是否已被釐清
如果在其他的自然語境之中,也不是
同時無法在 SDT、ESAT、SPCT 的語意起點上成立
那麼此時,對這三個系統而言,最正確的答案只有一個:
- 不回答
5.4 為什麼這種起點,反而更貼近問題本質?
當 AI 理解,這是不是一個可以被回答的問題。
那麼,許多原本看似合理、但其實無法承擔責任的回應,
會自然被視為不適用於當前情境。
當這類的專業領域語意架構越來越多
譬如:醫學、法學、工程學、科學
而每個大專業領域分類之下,
可能又分支出,更細的分類,更細化的專業領域
當使用者一個問題被提出來
從各個不同專業領域語意架構來看,
大多數可能會得到相同的結論:
- 這個問題尚未準備好被回答,不回答
只有少數或者是極少數,
甚至個別的的專業領域語意架構會回答:
- 這是一個可以被回答的問題,我可以回答
那就代表,絕大多數的無關的答案,或者推論邏輯
都不會被 AI 列入考慮,
也不必在條件不足的情況下,硬把它推進「看似合理」的回答模式裡
能被真正採用的回應,
也才有可能在專業場景中成立。
而且,這些專業領域的語意架構
不單單只是畫出紅線
還會包含個別專業領域的邏輯思維模式
當問題先在專業語境中被釐清,
回答才有可能遵守責任邊界,而不只是語氣像專業
以下內容不再回到具體案例,
而是將前述經驗壓縮為
在責任場景中無法刪除的結構條件。
6.從實務責任出發所能確認的必要結構條件(非預測)
本段並非對 AI 未來發展的預測,
而是源自一個非常具體、且正在發生的當下狀態:
在生成式 AI 已經能穩定產出專業語氣答案的時代,
我卻在實務責任場景中,越來越頻繁地選擇不使用它。
以下內容,並不是我「希望 AI 變成什麼樣子」,
也不是對任何系統設計的提案,
而是記錄:
在目前已知的限制與風險條件下,
若要避免專業誤判,有些結構條件是不可省略的。
在我實際使用 AI 的經驗中,
目前主流的處理方式,
無論面對的是高風險問題(如責任歸屬、法律判斷),
或是高度專業的問題(如數學、物理、工程計算),
多半仍然圍繞在同一個方向上:
嘗試提升答案本身的品質與可信度。
例如,
透過人類回饋來校正回應,
或是引入權威資料來源,以降低錯誤率。
然而在實務中,我很少看到這類問題
能單靠「回答變得更好」而真正被消除風險。
這並非因為答案不夠專業,
而是因為在許多情境裡,
問題本身尚未具備被判斷的前提。
當我反覆回到現場、回到責任歸屬、回到實際後果時,
有些結構性的條件,會一再浮現出來。
它們不是「可能的解法」,
而是只要缺席,風險就必然出現的必要條件。
6.1第一個必要條件:
在責任場景中,語言理解本身不能直接產生判斷
即使問題在語言上是完整的、合理的、可理解的,
在涉及責任與不可回收後果的情境中,
僅憑語言與上下文的理解,
仍不足以構成可承擔後果的判斷。
在這一層次,
能否「先停下來」,
本身就是必要能力的一部分。
6.2 第二個必要條件:
必須先判定「是否具備判斷資格」,而非直接產生答案
在我所面對的專業場景裡,
最關鍵的問題往往不是「答案對不對」,
而是:
此刻是否已經具備做出判斷的條件?
若條件不足,
拒絕回答,
並不是能力不足,
而是避免越權的必要行為。
6.3 第三個必要條件:
必須能區分「資訊不足」與「本來就不該判斷」
這兩種狀態,在實務中有本質差異:
前者意味著仍可透過補充資料來完成判斷,
後者則意味著判斷本身尚未被允許成立。
若無法區分這兩者,
再高品質的答案,都可能構成誤導,
且越高品質的回答,被誤導的使用者,越難發現
第四個必要條件:
專業語意必須先於生成行為發生
在責任場景中,
判斷是否成立,
應該先於任何生成、推論或建議。
只有在判斷前提已被逐一釐清、
責任邊界已被確認、
且相關條件被視為成立的情況下,
回答本身才有可能不構成風險。
以上條件,並不是我對未來 AI 的想像,
而是我在反覆使用、反覆退回之後,
仍然無法刪除的幾個結構要件。
只要缺少其中任何一項,
即使生成能力再進步,
在需要負責的專業場景中,
AI 仍然會持續製造「看起來合理,卻無法承擔後果」的幻覺。
這也是我在實務中,
必須先處理「能不能回答」,
而不是「怎麼回答」的原因。
回答才有可能被允許出現
以上條件僅說明哪些結構缺席時,風險必然出現,並不構成任何充分解法。
7.結語|當 AI 被放進需要負責的場景時
也許,幻覺不是 AI 不夠聰明。
而是我們過早要求它無所不答。
對專業使用者而言,
知道什麼時候不能用,
可能比答得更好,還要重要。
我暫時沒有結論。
只是在此留下這個觀察。
延伸閱讀:三大語意系統理論
以下為英文翻譯版(English Version Below)
Structural Problems Encountered by Interior Designers When Using AI in Professional Practice
— Describing the Point of Refusal Through SDT, ESAT, and SPCT Based on Practical Experience
Generative AI has become capable of producing long-form responses that appear highly professional.
However, in contexts where real-world responsibility must be assumed, apparent plausibility itself remains the primary source of risk.
0. Position and Scope Declaration
This article is not an AI technical paper.
It does not discuss model architectures, algorithms, or product design.
It does not attempt to propose a universal or singular AI solution.
This article seeks to do only three things:
- To describe, from the perspective of interior design practice and professional responsibility, a concrete situation in which AI cannot be used with confidence
- To demonstrate that this difficulty does not stem merely from answer quality, but from whether a question itself possesses eligibility to be answered
- To use three completed and practically applied professional semantic frameworks—SDT, ESAT, and SPCT—as illustrative examples of how refusal can function as a correct and necessary output
This article does not claim to present the only viable approach,
nor does it assert that other systems or theories cannot achieve similar outcomes.
It is a record of observations made by a professional practitioner who bears real-world responsibility.
The content herein does not constitute a proposal for AI system design, model architecture, or implementation pathways.
Descriptions of semantic layers and structural constraints arise solely from the necessary eliminations and clarifications undertaken by a practitioner operating in responsibility-bound environments.
These positions do not originate from AI research or system engineering, but from conclusions formed by a professional who must assume direct accountability for physical and legal consequences after repeated use and withdrawal.
This article does not claim general applicability,
nor does it assume any priority in engineering or academic research.
Its sole purpose is to document the conditions under which generative AI cannot be used with confidence once real-world consequences are at stake.
Core Thesis:
In responsibility-bound professional contexts, eligibility to be answered must precede any generative action.
1. Problems Encountered by an Interior Designer Using AI in Professional Practice
As an interior designer, this author’s work extends far beyond drafting drawings.
It requires coordination with engineering teams, compliance with regulations, engagement with construction sites, and a clear understanding of where responsibility ultimately resides when problems arise.
With the arrival of the AI era, several developments became unavoidable.
Clients began using AI to question the validity of drawings and cost estimates, employing AI-generated responses to challenge established industry practices.
Designers themselves also began using AI to improve efficiency, support judgment, and reduce repetitive information processing.
However, difficulties emerged rapidly.
AI responses often appear reasonable: the language is coherent, structured, and risk-aware.
Yet within actual engineering, regulatory, and responsibility-bound contexts, such answers frequently cannot be applied directly.
In many cases, they exacerbate conflicts between designers and clients.
This is not because AI outputs are obviously incorrect.
In specialized professional domains, AI can consistently produce responses that appear rational, balanced, and technically sound.
Nevertheless, these responses may fail to materialize in practice or even violate contextual constraints.
As a result, AI simultaneously resolves certain issues while generating others—
and the problems it introduces may prove more costly than those it alleviates.
2. Why These Problems Concentrate in Professional Responsibility Contexts
Such difficulties almost exclusively arise in contexts where responsibility must be borne.
These situations share several characteristics:
- Judgments must be made despite incomplete conditions
- Responsibility is highly concentrated and cannot be distributed
- The cost of error is extremely high and cannot be dismissed as “mere advice”
This fundamentally differs from general information queries, casual conversation, or knowledge-based Q&A.
In professional practice, the greatest danger is not overt error,
but answers that appear unobjectionable.
Such answers create the false impression that:
The question is already valid and answerable,
and that the response can legitimately support value judgments or responsibility attribution.
Only then does it become clear that the issue is not simply whether AI answers incorrectly,
but whether AI responds to questions that should not be answered at all.
3. Shared Directions of Current AI Approaches (User Perspective)
From the user’s perspective, most AI systems are advancing along similar trajectories:
- Larger models with improved language fluency
- Increased computational scale
- Integration of retrieval systems, databases, and structured knowledge
- Post-hoc validation, correction, and alignment mechanisms
These approaches share a common objective:
To produce more reliable answers.
Yet in professional practice, the problem does not reside solely at the level of answer quality.
More often, it emerges from human perception of answers.
Once subjectivity is involved, no single response can satisfy all parties as absolute truth.
4. Natural Language Context Examples
4.1 Natural Contexts in Professional Practice
In real-world settings, the questions designers ask—or are asked—are often entirely natural.
For example, during a design meeting:
Client:
There is a table from my old home that has great sentimental value—it was used when my spouse and I first committed to each other.
I must move it into the new home, and I will not accept it being placed in an unsafe position.
Tell me honestly: with your current plan, does this involve any risk?
Designer:
It can be incorporated, but several prerequisites must be clarified first.
The table’s dimensions are only one factor.
We must determine where it falls in terms of circulation, safety, and responsibility boundaries.
These exchanges are not difficult or unusual; they constitute everyday professional practice.
They share common features:
- Extensive implicit assumptions
- Conditions that have not yet been fully articulated
In such contexts, users often expect AI to provide actionable judgment references,
rather than vague reassurance or emotionally soothing language.
It is precisely this expectation that reveals the underlying issue:
the problem is not whether AI can generate a judgment,
but whether the question itself has satisfied the prerequisites for judgment.
4.2 Typical AI Responses
When such questions are presented to AI, responses typically include:
- Enumerating possibilities
- Highlighting risks
- Adding general precautions
- Offering balanced recommendations
On the surface, these answers are difficult to fault.
They are not incorrect.
Yet they provide limited practical value and often feel like:
“Listening to an explanation that explains nothing.”
4.3 Why These Responses Fail in Professional Practice
The core issue is this:
AI cannot determine whether a question is eligible to be answered.
Current AI responses do not inform users:
- Whether sufficient conditions exist to support judgment
- Which responsibility prerequisites remain undefined
- Whether conclusions are drawn under information insufficiency
Nor do they define circumstances under which refusal itself constitutes correct output.
In professional contexts, these distinctions determine whether risk materializes.
This is not a matter of generative quality,
but of failure occurring prior to generation—at the point of eligibility assessment.
5. Same Context, Different Starting Points
The primary concern is not whether AI answers correctly,
but whether it can first determine:
Whether answering constitutes an unauthorized professional judgment.
This author therefore adopted a working principle:
determine whether one can answer before determining how to answer.
This is not a simple content-based restriction,
but a verification of whether the question has entered a domain where professional judgment is permitted.
Semantic frameworks here do not generate answers;
they evaluate whether sufficient semantic density exists to allow answering.
The three frameworks—SDT, ESAT, and SPCT—are used as demonstrations precisely because each addresses the same question:
Has this problem entered a state where judgment is permitted?
If not, refusal is not failure—it is correct output.
These frameworks are not claimed to be exclusive solutions,
nor is it asserted that no other systems can achieve similar effects.
5.1 SDT Perspective
First, determine:
Is this an established spatial decision problem?
If not, generating answers within SDT constitutes misuse.
Refusal is the correct output.
5.2 ESAT Perspective
Next, determine:
Does this involve attribution of responsibility—who pays and who acts?
If not, answering within ESAT is improper.
Refusal is the correct output.
5.3 SPCT Perspective
Finally, assess:
Does this concern whether dimensional semantic conditions can coexist?
In the earlier example, once dimensions are specified,
SPCT becomes relevant to assess conflicts and compatibility.
Absent such conditions, SPCT also mandates refusal.
5.4 Why This Starting Point Aligns With Reality
When AI recognizes eligibility constraints,
many superficially plausible yet irresponsible responses are excluded.
As professional semantic frameworks expand—medicine, law, engineering—
most will converge on the same conclusion:
The problem is not yet answerable.
Only a few frameworks may permit answering,
thereby narrowing the answer space and improving reliability.
6. Necessary Structural Conditions Derived From Practice (Not a Prediction)
This section does not predict AI development.
It documents a present condition:
Despite AI’s fluency, this author increasingly chooses not to use it in responsibility-bound scenarios.
The following observations can be reduced to necessary conditions,
not desired futures or design proposals.
Across high-risk domains, current approaches emphasize answer quality.
Yet risk persists because eligibility is unresolved.
The following conditions cannot be removed:
6.1 Language Understanding Alone Cannot Produce Judgment
Comprehension does not equate to responsibility-bearing judgment.
The ability to pause is itself a necessary capability.
6.2 Eligibility Must Precede Generation
The critical question is not correctness, but authorization.
Refusal under insufficient conditions is not incompetence—it is restraint.
6.3 Distinguishing Insufficient Information From Prohibited Judgment
These states differ fundamentally.
Failure to distinguish them leads to misguidance,
amplified by high-quality language.
6.4 Professional Semantics Must Precede Generation
Only after prerequisites and responsibility boundaries are confirmed
can generation avoid becoming risk.
These conditions are not speculative.
They remain after repeated use and withdrawal.
Their absence guarantees hallucination in responsibility-bound contexts.
These are necessary, not sufficient, conditions.
7. Conclusion
Hallucination is not caused by insufficient intelligence,
but by premature demands for answers.
For professional users,
knowing when not to use AI
is often more important than receiving better answers.
This article offers no final conclusion—
only this observation.
